Trager, 2013 Seifert, 2018 de la Mora et al., 2021ĭ'Ettorre et al., 2000 Mori et al.A new colony of the slave-making ant Polyergus breviceps is initiated when a newly mated gyne invades a host nest and kills the resident queen. King & Trager, 2007 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Mackay and Mackay, 2002 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Trager, 2013 Sulger et al., 2014 de la Mora et al., 2021 Moffett, 2010 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Goodloe & Sanwald, 1985 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Goodloe & Sanwald, 1985 King & Trager, 2007 de la Mora et al., 2021 King & Trager, 2007 de la Mora et al., 2021 King & Trager, 2007 MacGown & Brown, 2006 de la Mora et al., 2021 May be ''Polyergus mexicanus'' or ''Polyergus topoffi'' Mackay and Mackay, 2002 Trager, 2013 de la Mora et al., 2021 Bono et al., 2006 Bono et al., 2007 Johnson, 2000 Johnson et al., 2005 Trager, 2013 Torres & Tsutsui, 2016 de la Mora et al., 2021 Holldobler et al., 2011 Kronauer et al., 2003 de la Mora et al., 2021 Lenoir et al., 2001 Bauer et al., 2009 Brandt et al., 2007 Fischer-Blass et al., 2006 Foitzik et al., 2003 de la Mora et al., 2021 Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001 de la Mora et al., 2021īeibl et al., 2005 de la Mora et al., 2021īeibl et al., 2005 de la Mora et al., 2021 (and included references)įoitzik et al., 2003 Guillem et al., 2014 de la Mora et al., 2021 Ruano et al., 2019 de la Mora et al., 2021 Japanese Ant Image Database Ruano et al., 2019 Seifert, 2018 de la Mora et al., 2021 Ruano et al., 2019 Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001 de la Mora et al., 2021īono et al., 2006 de la Mora et al., 2021Īpple et al., 2014 de la Mora et al., 2021
Evolutionarily, degenerate slavemaking seems to have arisen fewer times than workerless inquilinism, with degenerate slavemakers most closely related to other dulotic species (thus previously being placed together in genera such as Chalepoxenus, Myrmoxenus or currently in Strongylognathus), while workerless inquilines have tended to arise independently of each other and are (generally) more closely related to their hosts than to other inquilines (for example Leptothorax kutteri and Leptothorax pacis with Leptothorax acervorum as the host species). Examples of degenerate slavemakers are Temnothorax kraussei (workers reduced to a few, or completely absent), Temnothorax corsicus and Temnothorax adlerzi (both workerless all three belong to former genus Myrmoxenus), and Temnothorax brunneus (workerless, former genus Chalepoxenus).ĭegenerate slavemakers are distinct from workerless inquilines in that the queens of the degenerate slavemakers kill the host colony queen by throttling (former Myrmoxenus species) or stinging (former Chalepoxenus species), while in workerless inquilines the queens live in queenright host colonies. At the other extreme, the term "degenerate slavemaker" has been coined for species that have secondarily lost their worker caste, or reduced its number, and hence can no longer conduct slave raids. They are completely helpless without their slaves and are permanently dependent on regular replenishment of their slave stock through raids on host species colonies. In intermediate forms, termed "obligatory slavemakers", workers have a very limited behavioral repertory, but are behaviorally and often morphologically specialized for fighting and slave raiding. At one end of the spectrum (facultative dulosis), represented by Formica sanguinea, workers are self-sufficient, conduct all of the custodian tasks of the colony on their own and can easily survive without the support of slaves. Note that slave-making ants show wide variation in the degree of degeneracy of the worker caste. The biology of Temnothorax muellerianus and Polyergus rufescens provide representative accounts of dulosis. Dulosis is the presence of permanent parasitism with slavery.